Ayatollahi H, Rafatpanah H, Khayyami ME, Sayyadpour D , Ravarian M, Sadeghian MH, Izadi N, and Khabbaz Khoob M

AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2008;24(9): 1155-8

The distribution of ABO and Rhesus blood group types was investigated in 984 randomly selected human T lymphotropic virus-1(HTLV-1) infected blood donors from April 2004 to March 2007. A total of 1081 healthy controls admitted for blood donation in this period were enrolled in this study. Infected and control individuals were from the same region and their ABO/Rhesus blood group types were determined by the standard tube test technique. All blood samples were screened for HTLV-1 using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and positive samples were confirmed by Western blot (WB). The unmached analyses showed significant differences in frequency of the A_ blood group between healthy controls and HTLV-1 infected individuals (OR _ 0.8, 95% CI _ 0.66–0.97) and also a significant association was observed between these two groups (OR _ 1.42, 95% CI _ 1.1–1.99, p _ 0.021). No significant difference in blood group (A_, B_, B_, O_, O_, and AB_) was observed between cases and controls. It is the first report of an association between HTLV-1-infected patients and ABO/Rh blood groups in our literature review. Our results might suggest that the A_blood group decrease the risk of HTLV-1 infection in healthy controls, while the AB_ blood group is more frequent in HTLV-1 carriers and increases the risk of HTLV-1 infection.

Mirsadraee M, Kalantari MR, Saffari A, Mahmoudi M

J Gastrointest Cancer 2007;38(1):15-8

Introduction: Both esophageal carcinoma and HTLV-1 (Human T cell lymphotropic virus 1) have high prevalence in northeastern of Iran.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the presence of HTLV-1 genome in esophageal cancerous tissue and in tissues from non cancerous individuals.

Materials and Methods: Eighty five patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and 48 non-cancerous control patients that underwent esophagogasteroscopy for other reasons were included in this study. All selected subjects are residing in northeastern part of Iran. All specimens were studied histopathologically by H&E staining and were evaluated for HTLV-1 by PCR method. In PCR, the presence of tax, pol, env and LTR segments of HTLV-1 genome were detected.

Results: Male to female ratio in the case group was 3 to 5. Average age and standard deviation in case and control group were 56 +/- 17 and 54 +/- 21 years, respectively; which did not have any significant differences. All the patients came from the same area in the northeastern part of Iran. HTLV-1 genome was found in two subjects with esophageal cancer and in one subject in the control group. Statistical analysis showed no significant differences between the two groups (chi square = 0.26, Fisher exact test P value = 0.7, Odd ratio = 1.13 [0.08<OR<32.46]).

Conclusion: HTLV-1 infection and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma did not appear to have a significant correlation.

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To determine etiologic factors in 100 uveitic patients in Khorasan. This crosses – sectional study performed in 100 uveitic patients without uveitis due to trauma, Keratouveitis and endophthalmitis. Diagnosis of uveitis types was according to physical examination and laboratory tests.

Fifty-four patients (54%) were male and forty-six patients (46%) were female. The mean age was 33±16.2 years. Anterior uveitis made 58% of the patients, posterior uveitis 11%, and intermediate uveitis 8% and pan-uveitis 23%. Seventy-six patients had uveitis with unknown etiology.

HLAB27 related uveitis was the most common known etiologic factor. 4.2% of patients had HTLV1 positive that dose not correlate with HTLV1 positive in the population of Khorasan. Four patients had uveitis due to T.B and five patients due to toxoplasmosis.

The prevalence of uveitis with unknown etiologic factor of this research is similar to other studies. T.B and toxoplasmosis were the most common etiologic factors in the posterior uveitis and HLAB27 related uveitis in the anterior uveitis. Due to high prevalence of HTLV1 in Khorasan, the etiologic importance of it would be evaluated in other studies.

Keyword: HTLV1 Khorasan, Anterior uveitis, Posterior uveitis, Intermediate uveitis, Pan Uveitis, HLA B27 related Uveitis

Background: Fibroblasts are mesenchymal cells that can be readily cultured in the laboratory and play a significant role in epithelial mesenchymal interactions, secreting various growth factors and cytokines that have a direct effect on epidermal proliferation، differentiation and formation of extracellular matrix. They have been incorporated into various tissue-engineered and used for a variety of clinical applications، including the treatment of burns، chronic venous ulcers and several other clinical applications in dermatology and plastic surgery.

 Method: Isolated fibroblasts by the enzymatic process from foreskin were cultivated successively in a culture medium to establish cell banking. Foreskin and the last subcultured cells were checked for HBV، HCV، HIV، HSV I، HSV II، HTLV I، HTLV II، EBV، CMV، Treponema Pallidum، Mycoplasma sp. and Clamydia. The 1^st، 5^th and 10^th subcultured cells were processed for immunocytochemistry studies using a panel of monoclonal antibodies including antibodies to MHC class I & II antigens for ensuring the elimination of superficial cell antigens during cultivation. Subcultured cells were karyotyped to find any chromosomal abnormalities. The best passages were chosen for culturing on silicone sheets provided by the Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute.

Results: Evaluation for bacteria and viruses by molecular methods was negative. Karyotyping of cultured fibroblasts after the 10^th passage showed some abnormalities. HLA expression was imperceptible in the cells obtained from the 10^th sub-culture. The best passages were from 5th to 10^th for banking and culturing on silicone sheets.

Conclusion: Expression of HLA on fibroblast surfaces was diminished during subculturing. To prevent chromosomal abnormalities in fibroblast passaging، we should select the best colony that is expected to be chromosomally stable with the least antigenicity. In our study، the 5^th to 10^th sub-cultures were the best cells for the purpose of grafting and acceleration of the wound healing.

Keywords: fibroblast, cell bank, karyotyping, immunophenotyping

Sargolzaee N, Arab HR, Moeintaghavi A, Radvar M

J Dent, Tehran Univ Med Sci 2008;5(3): 111-4

Introduction:  The aim of this study was to investigate the existence of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) in subgingival plaque of HTLV-1 seropositive patients.

Materials and Methods: A total of 18 patients including 13 females and five males, with a mean age of 37 years participated in this descriptive study. Half of them were HTLV-1 carriers and the others were in HTLV-1 associated myelopathy tropical spastic paraparesia (HAM/TSP) stage. Subgingival dental plaque samples were taken using sterile paper points and examined to detect HTLV-1 using polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Results: None of the carrier stage patients revealed HTLV-1 virus, while only one patient in the HAM/TSP group was found with the virus.

Conclusion: This study showed that the existence of HTLV-1 virus in subgingival plaque of patients suffering from HTLV-1 in carrier and HAM/TSP stages with healthy periodontium is rare. Studies with larger samples are recommended.

Key Words: Human T-lymphotropic virus 1; Dental Plaque; Polymerase Chain Reaction

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Tabei SZ

Iran Red Crescent Med J 2011;13(6):374-6

Jafarzadeh Esfehani R, Vahidi Z, Shariati M, Mosavat A, Shafaei A, Shahi M, Rafatpanah H, Bidkhori HR, Boostani R, Hedayati-Moghaddam MR

J Neurovirol 2023; Epub ahead of print, doi: 10.1007/s13365-023-01176-6

The effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccination is still unclear in individuals with underlying diseases such as HTLV-1 infection. This retrospective cohort study aimed to evaluate the humoral response of COVID-19 vaccines among people living with HTLV-1 (PLHTLV) in northeastern Iran. From December 2021 to October 2022, eighty-six HTLV-1+ subjects (50 males and 36 females; 47.7 ± 11.2 years) and 90 HTLV-1 seronegative individuals (age- and sex-matched convenient samples) were enrolled. The humoral immune response was evaluated by measuring different COVID-19 Abs in serum samples at least 28 days after receiving 2nd or 3rd doses of COVID-19 vaccines. Throughout all three rounds of immunization, Sinopharm was the most commonly used COVID-19 vaccine across all three immunization rounds. Compared to the HTLV-1- group, a significantly lower frequency of all four Abs activity was observed among PLHTLV:anti-nucleocapsid (66.3% vs 86.7%, p = 0·001), anti-spike (91.9% vs 98.9%, p = 0·027), RBD (90.7% vs 97.8%, p = 0·043), and neutralizing Abs (75.6% vs 95.5%, p < 0·001). Also, the frequency of all Abs in 28 patients with HAM/TSP was higher than that of 58 asymptomatic carriers, although this difference was statistically significant only in the case of anti-spike Abs (p = 0.002). Notably, PLHTLV-vaccinated against COVID-19 demonstrated significantly lower antibody activities, indicating a reduced humoral immune response to COVID-19 vaccines.

Keywords: COVID-19; Human T lymphotropic virus type 1; Humoral immunity; SARS-CoV-2; Vaccination

Taghavi M, Afkhami Z. M, Abutorabi R, Bonakdaran S, Rajabian R

Thyroid Sci 2009;4(7):CLS1-3

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune thyroid disease and is the most common cause of thyrotoxicosis. Viral infections are frequently cited as a major environmental factor contributing to autoimmune thyroid diseases. Some reports indicate that the incidence of human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) antibody is higher in patients with Graves’ disease. The objective of this study was to determine whether HTLV-I infection and Graves’ disease are related. Our method was to determine the seropositivity rate of HTLV-Iin patients with Graves’ disease in Mashhad, an endemic city in north east Iran. We recruited all patients with Graves’ disease who consecutively attended our endocrinology clinic at the University Hospital of Mashhad. Blood samples were collected from 105 Graves’ patients. We screened the patients’ serum for HTLV-I using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We then compared the seroprevalence of HTLV-I in the patient group with the viral infection rate calculated for the entire population of blood donors in Mashhad. No cases in our patient group were positive for HTLV-1 (0/105 = 0%). By comparison, the control group had a seropositivity of 0.664% (404/60,892). In this study, we found no association between HTLV-I and Graves’ disease in Mashhad. Further studies are needed to determine whether there is a relationship between the two conditions.

Keywords: Graves’ disease, HTLV-I, Human T-cell leukemia virus type I, Iran, Mashhad

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Mahmoudi M, Rastin M, Khoei A, Farzadnia M

Iran J Basic Med Sci 2004;7(3):5-10

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) with primary gastrointestinal localization (GI-NHL) represents only 1-4% of the malignant tumors in the gastrointestinal tract. However, the gastrointestinal tract is the most common extranodal site of NHL. The etiology of GI-NHL remains unknown, however, recent studies have shown that infection with viruses like HTLV-1 in the gastrointestinal tract may increase the risk of T cell NHL. The present study was designed to investigate the presence of HTLV-1 genome using PCR on paraffin embedded tissue of primary GI-NHL specimens diagnosed during the period from 1981 to 2003 in the Department of Pathology, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad, Iran. The total number of biopsies was 103,573; and 65 cases with primary GI-NHL were found. All these 65 specimens were stained with immunohistochemical markers such as LCA, CD20 and CD3. The presence of HTLV-1 genome was detected in 48 selected patients using tax, LTR, pol and env (GD21) primers.

Our results show that male to female distribution was 1.5:1. Most of the patients were in their second) or third decades of life. Eight patients (12.3%) had primary lymphoma in the stomach, 52 (80%) in the small intestine, two (3%) in the large intestine, and three (4.7%) patients had multifocal involvements ileocecal). According to the Revised European-American Lymphoma (REAL) classification, IPSID lymphoma was the most frequent histologic subtype, comprising 40% of the cases. Sixty-four cases were classified as B cell lymphomas, and one as T-cell lymphoma. Out of 48 specimens which were amplified using PCR, two (4.2%) were positive for HTLV-1. The first case was a 55-year old male with diffuse pleomorphic T cell lymphoma who had a lesion in stomach; and the second case was a 15-month-old female with IPSID lymphoma who had involvement at duodenum.

Keyword: Gastrointestinal tract primary lymphoma, HTLV-1, PCR

Mirsaeidi SM, Tabarsi P, Mardanloo A, Ebrahimi G, Amiri M, Farnia P, Sheikhleslami M, Bakayev V, Mohammadi F, Mansouri SD, Masjedi MR, Velayati AA.

Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 2006;65(2):106-9

There is little information on atypical mycobacterium and human T lymphotropic virus Type I (HTLV-I) co-infection. We present the first case of pulmonary M. simiae infection in co-infection with HTLV-1, confirmed by ELISA antibody test and Western Blot. We discuss the clinical characteristics and laboratory tests of the patient and presumptive immunological relation. We propose that in patients with the HTLV infection and pulmonary symptoms and signs compatible with tuberculosis, evaluation for atypical mycobacteriosis may be recommendable.

Naghibi O, Nazemian F, Naghibi M, Ali Javidi DB.

Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl 2011;22(4):670-4

The human T lymphocyte virus-1 (HTLV-1) is the responsible pathogen for diseases such as HTLV-1 associated myelopathy (HAM) and adult T-cell leukemia (ATL). Mashhad, in northeast Iran, with high instances of this infection, has a noticeable number of infected renal failure patients. Since immunosuppressive drugs might decrease the latency period of HTLV-1 or increase its complications, the question arises whether HTLV-1 positive renal failure patients are suitable candidates for kidney transplants. To answer this, HTLV-1 positive recipients were evaluated in our study. Patients were divided into two groups. First group consisted of patients at the Imam Reza Hospital dialysis center. Second group had 20 kidney transplantation recipients consisting of ten infected and ten uninfected recipients as control from Imam Reza. Medical history of these patients was recorded and evaluated. The follow-up periods were between one and six years. Among them, 3.8% of patients undergoing dialysis were infected. The most important fact resulting from this study is that none of the infected recipients suffered from HAM or ATL during the follow-up period. In addition, it did not show any significant difference in the incidence of post-transplant complications between the infected and non-infected groups. Our study indicates that HTLV-1 positive patients may undergo kidney transplant without fear of increased incidence of side effects than those found in uninfected recipients. Because of short-term follow-up, probable long latency period of the virus, and the limited number of infected recipients, further work on this issue would be prudent.

Taghavi M, Fatemi S, Farid Hoseini R, Khalighi AR

Diabetol Croat 2010;39(4):133-7

The possible role of some viral infections in the pathogenesis of type 1diabetes (T1DM) has been postulated. There is increasing evidence for the viral etiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-I) is endemic in some areas of the world. It is also endemic in Mashhad, northeast Iran. The objective of the present study was to estimate the prevalence of glucose abnormalities in HTLV-I carriers in Mashhad. A total of 177 HTLV-I carriers older than 20 years were compared with 220 sex-, age- and BMI-matched controls without the infection. Blood samples were collected in fasting state and assayed for serum glucose. We also compared the results on the prevalence of glucose abnormalities in the general population of Mashhad, obtained in a large study. The prevalence of glucose abnormalities was significantly higher in HTLV-I carriers than in controls (10.16% vs. 5% for diabetes and 25.98% vs. 6.36% for impaired fasting glucose, P<0.05). The prevalence of glucose abnormalities was also significantly higher from the prevalence recorded in a large epidemiologic study performed in Mashhad. In conclusion, the prevalence of glucose abnormalities was significantly higher in HTLV-I carriers than in controls. HTLV-I infection may increase the risk of diabetes.

Key words: Diabetes mellitus, impaired fasting glucose, human T cell leukemia virustype 1 (HTLV-I)

Taghavi M, Fatemi S

Br J Diabetes Vasc Dis 2009;9:81–83

Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of human T cell leukaemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Mashhad in northeastern Iran.

Materials and Methods: A total of 266 consecutive type 2 diabetic patients (mean age 54.36±11.58 years) attending our unit were compared with 60,892 non-diabetic blood donors for the presence of HTLV-1 infection. Serological testing forHTLV-1 was undertaken using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed in positive HTLV-1 samples.

Results: PCR confirmed HTLV-1 infection in ten patients. The prevalence of HTLV-1 infection was more than five-fold higher in the diabetic patients than the blood donor group (3.75vs. 0.663%; p<0.001). There was no apparent association between HTLV-1 infection and age, sex, body mass index, diabetes duration or glycaemic control.

Conclusions:  A higher prevalence of HTLV-1 infection was detected in diabetic patients and this should be borne in mind when treating type 2 diabetic patients in regions where HTLV-1infection is endemic.

Key words: human T cell leukaemia virus type 1, HTLV-1, type 2 diabetes, Iran, prevalence

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Saadati N, Taghavi M

Iran Red Crescent Med J 2010;12(1):58-60

Introduction: There are accumulating evidences that Human T cell Leukemia Virus type I (HTLV-I) plays a part in the development of Sjögren’s Syndrome (SS). This virus is endemic in some areas of the world. The objective of this study was to estimate the seroprevalence rates of anti-HTLV-I in SS patients in Mashhad and to determine whether any association between SS patients and HTLV-I could be observed.

Material and methods: We recruited 21 patients with primary SS who consecutively attended our Rheumatology Clinic in Ghaem Hospital affiliated to Mashhad University of Medical Sciences in Mashhad, Northeastern Iran during May1, 2005 to September 30, 2008. Serum samples were screened for HTLV-I, using an enzyme-linked immunosorbentassay (ELISA). To compare the seroprevalence rates of HTLV-I found in SS patients with those in the community, we used the viral infection rates calculated for the entire population of blood donors in Mashhad by Blood Transfusion Organization.

Results: All patients with SS were negative by ELISA versus HTLV-I.

Conclusion: This study demonstrates no prevalence of positivity for HTLV-1 in SS patients in Mashhad. These data are against the role of HTLV-I in the development of SS in our region.

Keywords: Sjögren’s syndrome; Human T cell Leukemia Virus type I (HTLV-I); Northeastern Iran

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